摘要 :
This white paper has been prepared in a Power Point format based on the new 2012 IWCS Commercial Applications for Materials & Processes Presentation guidelines. The Power Point slides which follow focus on one of the largest wire and cable market segments within North America that is commonly referred to as the local area network (LAN) cabling market. In fact, these twisted pair copper premise cables have become the ubiquitous building wire for high speed data communications in all facets of the American economy. Today's offices from Wall Street to the Pentagon, as well as the data centers of social media and online retailing, are cabled with a network of LAN cables. The need for fast, reliable, and safe, i.e., fire retardant, networking of data cables has steadily grown from burgeoning needs for more and more financial data, video conferencing, security and alarm and factory automation to name only a few major Information Age applications. An estimated 5 billion feet of LAN cable will be installed in 2012 in North America. An estimated 70% of the LAN cables are manufactured with materials that must meet the stringent 300,000 BTU horizontal flame and smoke requirement of the National Fire Protection Association (NFPA) 262 Plenum Test. From a technical perspective, the focus of this presentation will be on these plenum cable requirements, as well as the evermore increasing demand for electrical performance that supports the need for larger bandwidth and data transmission rates at mega bits per second. From an electrical performance viewpoint, the Telecommunications Industry Association (TIA) develops and defines the electrical performance requirements of category cables from least stringent to most stringent and are ranked as follows: Cat 5e, Cat 6, Cat 6e, and Cat 6A. From a specification viewpoint, Underwriters Laboratories' (UL) document, 'UL 444', defines the physical characteristics of LAN cable so that these cables can be marked "CM", or in the case of Plenum Cables, marked "CMP"....
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This white paper has been prepared in a Power Point format based on the new 2012 IWCS Commercial Applications for Materials & Processes Presentation guidelines. The Power Point slides which follow focus on one of the largest wire and cable market segments within North America that is commonly referred to as the local area network (LAN) cabling market. In fact, these twisted pair copper premise cables have become the ubiquitous building wire for high speed data communications in all facets of the American economy. Today's offices from Wall Street to the Pentagon, as well as the data centers of social media and online retailing, are cabled with a network of LAN cables. The need for fast, reliable, and safe, i.e., fire retardant, networking of data cables has steadily grown from burgeoning needs for more and more financial data, video conferencing, security and alarm and factory automation to name only a few major Information Age applications. An estimated 5 billion feet of LAN cable will be installed in 2012 in North America. An estimated 70% of the LAN cables are manufactured with materials that must meet the stringent 300,000 BTU horizontal flame and smoke requirement of the National Fire Protection Association (NFPA) 262 Plenum Test. From a technical perspective, the focus of this presentation will be on these plenum cable requirements, as well as the evermore increasing demand for electrical performance that supports the need for larger bandwidth and data transmission rates at mega bits per second. From an electrical performance viewpoint, the Telecommunications Industry Association (TIA) develops and defines the electrical performance requirements of category cables from least stringent to most stringent and are ranked as follows: Cat 5e, Cat 6, Cat 6e, and Cat 6A. From a specification viewpoint, Underwriters Laboratories' (UL) document, 'UL 444', defines the physical characteristics of LAN cable so that these cables can be marked "CM", or in the case of Plenum Cables, marked "CMP".
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摘要 :
This white paper has been prepared in a Power Point format based on the new 2012 IWCS Commercial Applications for Materials & Processes Presentation guidelines. The Power Point slides which follow focus on one of the largest wire and cable market segments within North America that is commonly referred to as the local area network (LAN) cabling market. In fact, these twisted pair copper premise cables have become the ubiquitous building wire for high speed data communications in all facets of the American economy. Today's offices from Wall Street to the Pentagon, as well as the data centers of social media and online retailing, are cabled with a network of LAN cables. The need for fast, reliable, and safe, i.e., fire retardant, networking of data cables has steadily grown from burgeoning needs for more and more financial data, video conferencing, security and alarm and factory automation to name only a few major Information Age applications. An estimated 5 billion feet of LAN cable will be installed in 2012 in North America. An estimated 70% of the LAN cables are manufactured with materials that must meet the stringent 300,000 BTU horizontal flame and smoke requirement of the National Fire Protection Association (NFPA) 262 Plenum Test. From a technical perspective, the focus of this presentation will be on these plenum cable requirements, as well as the evermore increasing demand for electrical performance that supports the need for larger bandwidth and data transmission rates at mega bits per second. From an electrical performance viewpoint, the Telecommunications Industry Association (TIA) develops and defines the electrical performance requirements of category cables from least stringent to most stringent and are ranked as follows: Cat 5e, Cat 6, Cat 6e, and Cat 6A. From a specification viewpoint, Underwriters Laboratories' (UL) document, 'UL 444', defines the physical characteristics of LAN cable so that these cables can be marked "CM", or in the case of Plenum Cables, marked "CMP"....
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This white paper has been prepared in a Power Point format based on the new 2012 IWCS Commercial Applications for Materials & Processes Presentation guidelines. The Power Point slides which follow focus on one of the largest wire and cable market segments within North America that is commonly referred to as the local area network (LAN) cabling market. In fact, these twisted pair copper premise cables have become the ubiquitous building wire for high speed data communications in all facets of the American economy. Today's offices from Wall Street to the Pentagon, as well as the data centers of social media and online retailing, are cabled with a network of LAN cables. The need for fast, reliable, and safe, i.e., fire retardant, networking of data cables has steadily grown from burgeoning needs for more and more financial data, video conferencing, security and alarm and factory automation to name only a few major Information Age applications. An estimated 5 billion feet of LAN cable will be installed in 2012 in North America. An estimated 70% of the LAN cables are manufactured with materials that must meet the stringent 300,000 BTU horizontal flame and smoke requirement of the National Fire Protection Association (NFPA) 262 Plenum Test. From a technical perspective, the focus of this presentation will be on these plenum cable requirements, as well as the evermore increasing demand for electrical performance that supports the need for larger bandwidth and data transmission rates at mega bits per second. From an electrical performance viewpoint, the Telecommunications Industry Association (TIA) develops and defines the electrical performance requirements of category cables from least stringent to most stringent and are ranked as follows: Cat 5e, Cat 6, Cat 6e, and Cat 6A. From a specification viewpoint, Underwriters Laboratories' (UL) document, 'UL 444', defines the physical characteristics of LAN cable so that these cables can be marked "CM", or in the case of Plenum Cables, marked "CMP".
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摘要 :
This white paper has been prepared in a Power Point format based on the new 2012 IWCS Commercial Applications for Materials & Processes Presentation guidelines. The Power Point slides which follow focus on one of the largest wire and cable market segments within North America that is commonly referred to as the local area network (LAN) cabling market. In fact, these twisted pair copper premise cables have become the ubiquitous building wire for high speed data communications in all facets of the American economy. Today's offices from Wall Street to the Pentagon, as well as the data centers of social media and online retailing, are cabled with a network of LAN cables. The need for fast, reliable, and safe, i.e., fire retardant, networking of data cables has steadily grown from burgeoning needs for more and more financial data, video conferencing, security and alarm and factory automation to name only a few major Information Age applications. An estimated 5 billion feet of LAN cable will be installed in 2012 in North America. An estimated 70% of the LAN cables are manufactured with materials that must meet the stringent 300,000 BTU horizontal flame and smoke requirement of the National Fire Protection Association (NFPA) 262 Plenum Test. From a technical perspective, the focus of this presentation will be on these plenum cable requirements, as well as the evermore increasing demand for electrical performance that supports the need for larger bandwidth and data transmission rates at mega bits per second. From an electrical performance viewpoint, the Telecommunications Industry Association (TIA) develops and defines the electrical performance requirements of category cables from least stringent to most stringent and are ranked as follows: Cat 5e, Cat 6, Cat 6e, and Cat 6A. From a specification viewpoint, Underwriters Laboratories' (UL) document, 'UL 444', defines the physical characteristics of LAN cable so that these cables can be marked "CM", or in the case of Plenum Cables, marked "CMP". Technically, an insulation material must, when put into a cable, meet or exceed the stringent low smoke and fire retardancy requirements and be designated "CMP" with the appropriate aforementioned electrical performance to meet Category: 5e, 6, 6e or 6A. In summary, the technical criteria for CMP LAN cables can be classified as follows: 1) Low Smoke and Flame Spread characteristics as defined by NFPA 262; 2) Electrical Performance that embodies a low dielectric constant and dissipation factor based on the TI...
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This white paper has been prepared in a Power Point format based on the new 2012 IWCS Commercial Applications for Materials & Processes Presentation guidelines. The Power Point slides which follow focus on one of the largest wire and cable market segments within North America that is commonly referred to as the local area network (LAN) cabling market. In fact, these twisted pair copper premise cables have become the ubiquitous building wire for high speed data communications in all facets of the American economy. Today's offices from Wall Street to the Pentagon, as well as the data centers of social media and online retailing, are cabled with a network of LAN cables. The need for fast, reliable, and safe, i.e., fire retardant, networking of data cables has steadily grown from burgeoning needs for more and more financial data, video conferencing, security and alarm and factory automation to name only a few major Information Age applications. An estimated 5 billion feet of LAN cable will be installed in 2012 in North America. An estimated 70% of the LAN cables are manufactured with materials that must meet the stringent 300,000 BTU horizontal flame and smoke requirement of the National Fire Protection Association (NFPA) 262 Plenum Test. From a technical perspective, the focus of this presentation will be on these plenum cable requirements, as well as the evermore increasing demand for electrical performance that supports the need for larger bandwidth and data transmission rates at mega bits per second. From an electrical performance viewpoint, the Telecommunications Industry Association (TIA) develops and defines the electrical performance requirements of category cables from least stringent to most stringent and are ranked as follows: Cat 5e, Cat 6, Cat 6e, and Cat 6A. From a specification viewpoint, Underwriters Laboratories' (UL) document, 'UL 444', defines the physical characteristics of LAN cable so that these cables can be marked "CM", or in the case of Plenum Cables, marked "CMP". Technically, an insulation material must, when put into a cable, meet or exceed the stringent low smoke and fire retardancy requirements and be designated "CMP" with the appropriate aforementioned electrical performance to meet Category: 5e, 6, 6e or 6A. In summary, the technical criteria for CMP LAN cables can be classified as follows: 1) Low Smoke and Flame Spread characteristics as defined by NFPA 262; 2) Electrical Performance that embodies a low dielectric constant and dissipation factor based on the TIA category requirement, i.e., Cat 5e, 6, 6e, or 6A; 3) Physical properties, e.g., Tensile, elongation and the other physical criteria as specified by UL 444; and 4) Material processing speeds at 1800 feet per minute or greater while insulating characteristics that meet UL 444 spark testing. This paper specifically looks at the CMP insulation materials used within today's plenum LAN cable market based on these technical parameters and provides a comparative economic assessment on a per 1,000 foot basis. For Category 5e, 6, 6e and 6A, the insulation of choice for LAN plenum cable, which up until the last two years was dominated by Fluorinated Ethylene Propylene (FEP), and to a significantly lesser extent Polytetrafluoroethylene-Perfluoromethylvinylether (MFA). Both materials having superb electrical and physical properties; and most importantly, from a safety viewpoint, the low smoke and flame retardancy properties are unmatched by any material in the NFPA 262 flame and smoke test. Its headroom provides repeatable margins of fire safety. Unfortunately, a unique chain of events in 2011 created FEP and Fluoropolymer shortages and the ultimate allocations of materials. For most of 2011, these tumultuous shortages gave rise to the substitution of one or multiple pair of non-fluoropolymer materials. These substitutes could not provide the balance of properties resulting in repeatable and robust smoke and flame margins, as well as electrical performa
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摘要 :
All optical networks have emerged as a solution to constantly increasing throughput demands. Here, optical data are transmitted over long distances without the need for optical-electrical-optical conversion. The major limitation w...
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All optical networks have emerged as a solution to constantly increasing throughput demands. Here, optical data are transmitted over long distances without the need for optical-electrical-optical conversion. The major limitation with all optical networks is crosstalk, which results from the leakage of signals routed in optical switches with the desired signal. Optical components such as cross-connectors, routers, and add-drop multiplexers are prone to crosstalk. Intra-channel crosstalk results from the leakage of signals with the same wavelength as the transmitted signal. Furthermore, crosstalk can also be classified as coherent and incoherent depending on the laser phase noise of the signal and interferers. Inter-channel crosstalk occurs when both the transmitted signal and interferers have different wavelengths. Routing and adding-dropping signals in optical networks are a key factor to get high flexibility and transparency of the system. The effect of crosstalk in optical components is explained in this paper and, in particular, optical crosstalk regarding cross connectors and add-drop multiplexers is presented. An improved expression for Bit Error Rate as a function of input power is proposed
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"In case of termite attack, after gnawing the cable jacket, the termites could penetrate inside the cable through the interstices between the tapes". "Then they are in contact with phase and fillers which contain cellulose. The lo...
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"In case of termite attack, after gnawing the cable jacket, the termites could penetrate inside the cable through the interstices between the tapes". "Then they are in contact with phase and fillers which contain cellulose. The local absence of water tightness may cause corrosion of the galvanized steel screen or the termite workers may gnaw the insulation causing short-circuits."
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摘要 :
"In case of termite attack, after gnawing the cable jacket, the termites could penetrate inside the cable through the interstices between the tapes". "Then they are in contact with phase and fillers which contain cellulose. The lo...
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"In case of termite attack, after gnawing the cable jacket, the termites could penetrate inside the cable through the interstices between the tapes". "Then they are in contact with phase and fillers which contain cellulose. The local absence of water tightness may cause corrosion of the galvanized steel screen or the termite workers may gnaw the insulation causing short-circuits."
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Cable damage caused by rodents is a problem faced in many parts of the world. The damages can reach up to the optic fiber, which will lead to interruption in the communication links. It translates into revenue loss for the telcos ...
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Cable damage caused by rodents is a problem faced in many parts of the world. The damages can reach up to the optic fiber, which will lead to interruption in the communication links. It translates into revenue loss for the telcos and it is also costly to repair the cables. Hence, many customers are looking for effective solution for rodent resistance cables. In addition to rodent resistance, there are other types of applications, such as bullet resistance cable, a rugged cable for direct burial, theft proof cable, etc. for which effective solution is required.
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摘要 :
Cable damage caused by rodents is a problem faced in many parts of the world. The damages can reach up to the optic fiber, which will lead to interruption in the communication links. It translates into revenue loss for the telcos ...
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Cable damage caused by rodents is a problem faced in many parts of the world. The damages can reach up to the optic fiber, which will lead to interruption in the communication links. It translates into revenue loss for the telcos and it is also costly to repair the cables. Hence, many customers are looking for effective solution for rodent resistance cables. In addition to rodent resistance, there are other types of applications, such as bullet resistance cable, a rugged cable for direct burial, theft proof cable, etc. for which effective solution is required.
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Loop reactor operates under supercritical conditions using propane as diluents. Various catalyst types can be used, e.g. Ziegler-Natta type or single site catalysts. Polymer tailor-making by controlled design of molecular weight, ...
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Loop reactor operates under supercritical conditions using propane as diluents. Various catalyst types can be used, e.g. Ziegler-Natta type or single site catalysts. Polymer tailor-making by controlled design of molecular weight, comonomer content and distribution. Excellent product properties, i.e. good processability, good mechanical properties and low shrinkage.
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摘要 :
Loop reactor operates under supercritical conditions using propane as diluents. Various catalyst types can be used, e.g. Ziegler-Natta type or single site catalysts. Polymer tailor-making by controlled design of molecular weight, ...
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Loop reactor operates under supercritical conditions using propane as diluents. Various catalyst types can be used, e.g. Ziegler-Natta type or single site catalysts. Polymer tailor-making by controlled design of molecular weight, comonomer content and distribution. Excellent product properties, i.e. good processability, good mechanical properties and low shrinkage.
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